Substance is the form of existence of matter. It consists out of tiny particles-atoms. Today, around 17 million different substances are known. Of those substances, around 100 thousand have practical use. Some substances are located in nature, while other are produced in artificial way, by chemists and other laboratory experts.
Every substance has characteristic properties by which it is different from other substances, for example: color, smell, density, melting temperature, boiling temperature. Listed substance properties that are determined by our senses or instruments, are called physical properties. Chemical properties of substances are manifested by their reactions with other substances. Basic task of chemistry is studying substances-their structure, properties, and applications that lead to one substances turning onto other.
10AMPORPHOUS METAL
Has a random atomic structure as strong as metal, with the surface hardness of glass. Easier to shape than metal, it is used in medical and sports equipment.
09CARBON NANOTURBES
One-atom-thick sheets of carbon that are 200 times stronger than steel. Used in a wide array of applications, from cancer treatments to computer chips.
08ELASTIC CONDUCTOR
An ionic liquid mixed with carbon nanotubes creates an elasticated material capable of conducting a current, could be used to make artificial skin, or flexible screens.
07GRAPHENE AEROGEL
Aerogel is seven times lighter than air, created by freeze-drying grapheme and carbon nanotubes. A superb conductor of electricity, it is being researched for oil spill mop-ups.
06BACILLAFILLA
It is a genetically modified microbe that knits together cracks in concrete. It swarms into cracks, producing a glue binding agent to repair the structure.
05D 30
A non-Newtonian polymer gel that´s flexible until struck, then it lock up. It used in an array of protective applications it is perfect clothing for stuntmen.
04PERFLUOROCARBONS
A fluid rich in oxygen, allowing one to breathe liquid. It used in ultrasounds and as artificial blood, the fluid also creates huge pollutant emissions, unfortunately.
03TRANSPARENT ALUMINUM
By hitting aluminum with a powerful soft X-ray laser a metal almost invisible to ultraviolet radiation is created. The material could be used in nuclear fusion.
02ONE WAY BALLISTIC GLASS
A brittle acrylic layer and a softer elastic polycarbonate layer are placed together. When bullets strike one side they are stopped, but the glass can be shot through the other side.
01STARLITE
A plastic, created by amateur scientist Maurice Ward was able to withstand the force of 75 Hiroshimas. The material has never reached production.
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